Gold is an economic oddity in that the fundamental physical supply and demand of the precious metal are not the primary drivers of the gold price. Instead the risk sentiment of global markets, alongside the actions of central banks (in particular the US Federal Reserve), are far more significant in determining gold’s direction.
In this article, we’ll explore the different factors that affect the gold price, going through each of them in rough order of importance.
Currency movements
The strength or weakness of the currency an investor is using to view the gold price arguably has the biggest daily impact on the gold price. Most often the gold price is quoted in US Dollar terms, and as such, the relative strength of the greenback against the world’s other major currencies plays a crucial role in driving the gold price up or down.
Gold and the US dollar typically are inversely correlated where a stronger dollar leads to a decline in the gold price while any weakness in the greenback can help lift the precious metal.
While the dollar undoubtedly plays the biggest role in determining the gold price, for gold buyers in some of the biggest physical demand spots in the world such as India, China and Turkey, the relative performance of the rupee, yuan and lira will also impact how cheap or expensive it is to buy gold on the spot market.
As such, there are instances where the gold price might be falling in dollar terms but reaches a record high in another currency due to external factors affecting that country and its economy.
Economy
In overly simplistic terms, a strong global economy is detrimental to gold performance while a crisis is fertile ground for the ultimate haven asset. To illustrate this, gold’s highest-ever recorded price – in excess of $2,000 an ounce – was achieved in 2020 during the depths of the global pandemic when economies across the world effectively shut down as governments tried to limit the spread of coronavirus.
In Q1 of 2023, the value of gold increased by 9.2% to $1,980 USD per ounce. It was propelled by fears of an economic crisis triggered by events such as the collapse of the Silicon Valley bank, as well as geopolitical tensions.
There are many historical examples of gold soaring in value in a turbulent economy. During the 2008 financial crisis, in the month of March, the price of gold reached an all-time record of $1,011 USD per ounce. That meant gold had increased by over 50% in nine months.
Inflation
Inflation has been the talk of markets from the end of 2021 and throughout 2023 as central banks grapple with an issue that has proven far from transitory. Gold’s price reaction during this phase has drilled the heart of the contrasting factors that affect gold. On the one hand, gold would typically benefit at times of high inflation as the asset has proven to be a great store of value over the centuries.
In the United Kingdom, inflation hit a 41-year high of 11% in the year to October 2022. In the year to March 2023, it was measured at 10.1%. As inflation remains high, gold stands out as a particularly attractive investment.
However, gold has struggled to gain in this recently highly inflationary environment due to the policies adopted by central banks across the world to try and bring fast-rising consumer prices back to their targets of about 2%.
The implementation of a series of interest rate hikes by central banks, in particular the Federal Reserve, diminished gold’s appeal as it doesn’t provide any dividend, making interest-paying assets such as bonds more attractive in its place.
(It’s worth noting that KAU, Kinesis’ digital gold product, solves that dilemma with a digital currency that generates a usage-based yield while offering the same physical protection that gold offers – each ounce is backed by a fully-backed and allocated equivalent amount of the physical metal.)
Uncertainty
Gold benefits at times of uncertainty, particularly when that leads to traders reducing their exposure to riskier assets. The coronavirus pandemic created uncertainty, thus affecting the gold market. From 1st January to 1st May 2020, the value of gold rose by 12.85% from $1,517.3 to $1,712.39 USD per ounce, outperforming the American dollar.
Gold has shown itself to be a stable asset that has endured over centuries and offers a comfort blanket for money managers when other sectors are struggling. Political uncertainty, concerns over the global economy and conflict, such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, are all factors that will typically boost the price of gold.
Hedging and wealth protection
The above factors feed into gold’s integral role as a hedge against declining prices on equity markets. Investors are often encouraged to have up to 10% of their portfolio dedicated to gold as the asset is uncorrelated to equities and therefore gold’s performance can differ from the gains and declines seen in other sectors.
It is worth noting that gold can at times decline alongside equities, but can still be playing a role by its drop being less than that of other markets.
Supply and demand
Most of the gold ever mined is still available in some form or another, such as in gold bars in reserves or as items of jewellery. As such, physical demand for the metal alongside factors affecting its supply are considerably lower among the drivers of gold’s price than it would be for most other commodities.
The World Gold Council reported that the demand for gold increased by 15% in the first half of 2016 to 2,335 tonnes, and the investment demand increased by 16%. That was the peak demand since 2009.
India and China are the world’s two biggest buyers of gold for jewellery, so a big uptick in demand – particularly for Indian wedding season or Chinese New Year – or a significant drop from either of these two countries will have an impact on the price. However, these will often by offset by some of the macroeconomic factors outlined above.
Gold production
Rather than gold production being a driver of the gold price, the gold price is a driver for gold production. A sustained high price can encourage investment decisions on exploration for new mines as well as bolster artisanal production. However, to illustrate that the gold price isn’t linked to production, supply in 2021 sank to the lowest level since 2017 yet the price in US dollar terms also declined, according to data from the World Gold Council.
Central bank reserves
Gold is a key holding of central banks across the world that have amassed vast reserves of the metal to support their currency and offer a measure of economic stability.
Collectively, central banks hold more than 35,000 tons of gold – which represents about a fifth of the total amount of the metal ever mined. Yet most of the central banks are now rarely active in the market and are instead passively holding onto their reserves for the long term.
Central bank gold buying broke records in 2023 in both emerging and developed markets. In Q1, central bank gold demand reached 228 tonnes which was 34% higher than the previous Q1 record set in 2013.
Instead, the bulk of the activity among central banks is now generated by countries such as India, China, Turkey and Kazakhstan, with Russia notably more active in recent times in the build-up to and subsequent invasion of Ukraine that resulted in it being locked out of conventional global markets. The generally static nature of central bank reserves results in the monthly changes proving more interesting from a geopolitical standpoint than as a driver for the price of gold.
ETFs
Gold-backed exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, are more followers of price than drivers of it with monthly inflows or outflows often mirroring the price action seen in that month. Nonetheless, the amount of gold held within ETFs has grown considerably in the last five to ten years and these products now account for a considerable chunk of investment demand.
The global gold market started the year 2022 on a positive note. According to the World Gold Council, Q1 demand was up 34% year-on-year as the result of strong ETF flows. That solidified gold as a safe haven investment during times of uncertainty and geopolitical tension.
Why the price of gold matters
The price of gold matters because it is one of the world’s largest investment assets, held in pension schemes, hedge funds and by asset managers as part of millions of individuals’ personal savings and investment accounts.
While gold doesn’t have as much exposure to industry as other metals, its unique blend of qualities makes it a key component in circuit boards for mobile phones, as part of testing kits for illnesses including coronavirus and being used in aerospace. Therefore cost fluctuations will impact these industries.
Finally, the price of gold can be considered an indicator of the health or weakness of the global economy.
How to predict the future gold price
Unfortunately, there is no easy way of predicting the future price as gold is subject to multiple different factors that affect its price. Right now, in an environment where central banks are increasing interest rates, it is hard to see gold making significant gains in the short to medium term. Events such as the coronavirus pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine are also recent reminders of how quickly the status quo can be shaken.
Gold has endured numerous conflicts and crises and is now so embedded in our financial system that it will still be a benchmark price that people seek out on a daily basis many years into the future. Investing in gold can contribute to a healthy investment portfolio which helps protect you against market volatility, inflation and other risks. Take a look at how you can invest in Gold today with Kinesis.
Rupert is a Market Analyst for Kinesis Money, responsible for updating the community with insights and analysis on the gold and silver markets. He brings with him a breadth of experience in writing about energy and commodities having worked as an oil markets reporter and then precious metals reporter during the seven years he worked at Bloomberg News.
As well as market analysis, Rupert writes longer-form thought leadership pieces on topics ranging from carbon markets, the growth of renewable energy and the challenges of avoiding greenwash while investing sustainably.
This publication is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be a solicitation, offering or recommendation of any security, commodity, derivative, investment management service or advisory service and is not commodity trading advice. This publication does not intend to provide investment, tax or legal advice on either a general or specific basis.
