{"id":24767,"date":"2022-01-27T17:20:40","date_gmt":"2022-01-27T17:20:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/?p=24767"},"modified":"2025-06-20T09:24:42","modified_gmt":"2025-06-20T09:24:42","slug":"what-is-fractional-reserve-banking","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/zh-hans\/blog\/what-is-fractional-reserve-banking\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is Fractional Reserve Banking?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The fractional-reserve banking system sits at the backbone of the modern-day economy. It functions as a debit and interest creation system, designed to grow the economy and increase the lending powers of central banks.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">Fractional reserve banking, otherwise referred to as FRB, requires that banks only hold a portion of customer deposits in their reserves, in order to use the remaining funds to make new loans and pay out interest.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">This enables banks to invest money that would otherwise sit idle, while earning on the difference between interest they pay out to customers and the interest they charge to borrowers for taking out loans.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">In this article, we\u2019ll unpack the fractional-reserve system, how it works, and whether there is a possibility for an alternative.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-fractional-reserve-banking-system\"><strong>The fractional-reserve banking system<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">The fractional-reserve banking system allows banks to grow the supply of money in the economy by making new loans and awarding interest, while also meeting customer withdrawal requests. The reserves are stored within a country\u2019s central bank, smaller-scale banks, or ATMs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">The fractional reserve system was created following the Great Depression. After the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/great-depression\/1929-stock-market-crash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">stock market crash in 1929<\/a>, people made more withdrawals than the banks could supply, based on fears surrounding the institution&#8217;s insolvency. This is what is known as a \u201cbank run\u201d, which led to the central bank using up their cash reserves to the point of default.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">To ensure this issue didn\u2019t happen again, the US government introduced reserve requirements to protect depositor funds from risky investments. Simply put, banks are only required to keep a percentage of the deposits in their cash vault as reserves, and may lend out the rest.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">However, this proved to be less than a final solution, as shown by <a href=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/blog\/when-the-dollar-crashes-the-gold-standard-will-emerge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the financial crash of 2007-8<\/a> &#8211; the effects of which are still evident today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Reserve requirements<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">The reserve requirement is the amount of funds banks must have in their vaults, based on customer deposits. This is set to ensure that banks can meet liabilities if sudden withdrawals occur, just as they did in the <a href=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/blog\/when-the-dollar-crashes-the-gold-standard-will-emerge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Great Depression<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">Reserve requirements are one way to influence the monetary supply in the economy. They simultaneously serve the purpose of allowing banks to give out loans to borrowers, and still provide cash to customers who want to make withdrawals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default has-link-color wp-elements-b4df93cc7d96a622696b356cd95acf81 wp-block-paragraph\">The Federal Reserve, the US central bank, sets the reserve requirement for all banks in the country. Previously, it required banks to hold a marginal reserve of 10%. In March 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eidebailly.com\/insights\/articles\/2020\/4\/federal-reserve-eliminates-reserve-requirements#:~:text=The%20Federal%20Reserve%20announced%20they,operate%20and%20serve%20their%20customers.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the reserve requirement was set to zero<\/a> following the Federal Reserve\u2019s shift to an \u201cample-reserves system\u201d in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default has-link-color wp-elements-fe879c4869121c3b50e8967fed66a736 wp-block-paragraph\">With currently no indication as to whether the reserve requirement will be implemented again, the US central bank can use the increased liquidity to lend to individuals and businesses. Although, as the country is already witness to, it is this dovish policy stance that has contributed to increased inflation levels, with the US inflation rate now at its highest level in<a href=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/blog\/protect-your-savings-from-inflation-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> 40 years.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">While banks in the United Kingdom have no reserve requirement, they have agreed to keep the minimum reserve ratios of 12.5% and finance houses at least 10%.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img width=\"960\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_what_is_fractional_reserve.png\" alt=\"money multiplier example\" class=\"wp-image-24774\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_what_is_fractional_reserve.png 960w, https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_what_is_fractional_reserve-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_what_is_fractional_reserve-150x83.png 150w, https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_what_is_fractional_reserve-768x423.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How fractional reserve banking works<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">Under the fractional-reserve banking system, banks may loan out 90% of the total deposits to other individuals and businesses, while keeping 10% as physical cash in their vaults. However, your account balance shows 100% of those funds when you deposit money &#8211; which is, perhaps, a less than truthful representation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">Since the fractional reserve system is designed to grow the amount of money in the economy, the banks use the same lump sum as a deposit <em>and <\/em>as an investment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">To demonstrate this, imagine you add \u00a31,000 into a new economy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. <\/strong>You deposit \u00a31,000 into a bank account, giving the new system \u00a31,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.<\/strong> The bank lends out 90% of your deposit, or \u00a3900, to another customer: Customer A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.<\/strong> Your account balance is still \u00a31,000, and Customer A has borrowed \u00a3900 and added it to their account. The system has a total of \u00a31,900 deposited and invested.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. <\/strong>Customer A spends the \u00a3900 they borrowed and gives it to a new recipient, Customer B. Customer B deposits \u00a3900 into their bank account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.<\/strong> Customer B\u2019s bank now has \u00a3900 in deposits and can lend out 90%, or \u00a3810.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.<\/strong> Customer C borrows \u00a3810. You still have \u00a31,000 in your account, Customer A still has \u00a3900 in their account, and now Customer C has \u00a3810 in their account. The economy now has a total of \u00a32,710 (\u00a31,000 + \u00a3900 + \u00a3810).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default has-link-color wp-elements-d88829f03d109eeb9aaa9b5226afe257 wp-block-paragraph\">This growth of the total monetary supply is known as the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligenteconomist.com\/money-multiplier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">money multiplier<\/a>\u201d effect. The bank continues to lend out 90% of its deposits, putting more money into the economy to be spent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default has-link-color wp-elements-0d297c7ca2a45867bfb6a2f714620424 wp-block-paragraph\">As the money is spent, it\u2019s deposited into more bank accounts, and 90% of those deposits are lent out. All the while, banks keep the remaining 10% of those deposits in reserves. The cycle continues, the money supply increases, and the economy grows.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img width=\"960\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_fractional_banking_downsides.png\" alt=\"bank run reserves depleted\" class=\"wp-image-24768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_fractional_banking_downsides.png 960w, https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_fractional_banking_downsides-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_fractional_banking_downsides-150x83.png 150w, https:\/\/kinesis.money\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bodyimage_fractional_banking_downsides-768x423.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The downsides of fractional reserve banking<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">The fractional reserve banking system has been shown to successfully stimulates economic growth, but when out of hand, can lead to a frenzy of mass withdrawal that further highlights the issue of non-backed, unallocated currency. What\u2019s more, the system itself depends on the money multiplier effect, which generates a significant amount of debt within the country, and does not necessarily protect those within the economy itself.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">A major concern of this particular method of banking is that there is a lack of assets that back the currency in the system. Without the backing of physical commodities or tangible assets, there is a concern that customers will eventually lose confidence in the system, such as in the events of the Great Depression. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default has-link-color wp-elements-fd4331e8526215586a14b42a83e0e771 wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreservehistory.org\/essays\/glass-steagall-act#:~:text=June%2016%2C%201933,Roosevelt%20in%20June%201933.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">US Banking Act of 1933<\/a> set up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) due to the catastrophes of the Great Depression. The FDIC provides insurance to protect customer deposits and boost trust in the banking system. However, the FDIC only provides insurance and protection up to a minimal amount, varying year on year, which means that any sum of money over that respective amount is left unprotected.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Alternatives to fractional reserve banking<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">A full-reserve banking system is one alternative to the fractional reserve system. In this system, banks must keep 100% of all deposits in their vaults at all times. This could cover all bank deposits or only deposits made to checking and savings accounts. If banks are required to keep 100% of the deposits, they cannot lend any cash out.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">The higher the reserve requirement, the less cash can be lent out and circulated in the economy. This would mean that the economy would not benefit from the money multiplier effect, as demonstrated above.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">However, continuing to rely on the fractional reserve system without question cannot be the answer. Precisely because fiat currency, which backs the fractional reserve system, has no <strong>intrinsic value<\/strong>, growth in the economy occurs with only a fractional amount of asset backing. This leaves those transacting in fiat currency, vulnerable to the effects of inflation and further leaves individuals unable to completely rely on the security of their cash deposits. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">With interest rates maintaining low levels, leaving money idle in the context of a fractional reserve system may not be the most profitable position for it. Instead, it could be wiser to invest that money, and better yet, ensure that the money is invested into a safe-haven, secure asset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default has-link-color wp-elements-5d2e671df2ead614a7b0d520431ada9e wp-block-paragraph\">Investing in <a href=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/gold\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">precious metals<\/a> is a prime option for those seeking to save their money effectively, with monetary systems such as Kinesis also offering a competitive yield on stored bullion. In this way, investors can store a portion of their money in gold and silver, outside of the traditional banking system in order to protect their wealth in the long run.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Thinking about gold investment?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-7d812b4c wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-primary-600-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/kinesis.money\/gold\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This publication is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be a solicitation, offering or recommendation of any security, commodity, derivative, investment management service or advisory service and is not commodity trading advice. This publication<\/em> <em>does not intend to provide<\/em> <em>investment, tax or legal advice on either a general or specific basis.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The fractional-reserve banking system sits at the backb [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":24771,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is Fractional Reserve Banking | Alternative Banking<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore alternative banking by understanding fractional reserve banking, how it works, its 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